MARKETING ISSUE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Showcasing ISSUE - Essay Example These items cut an edge over the rivals in the estimation of innovation utilized. Apple Company distinguishes whether it is compelling in growing new items, and what impacts they have available. For instance, this has been done through the incorporation of ad libbed highlights that the contenders still can't seem to create. A model is the utilization of iMessage, and iCloud, which permits the clients to spare information through its distributed computing administrations. The information may incorporate music records and video film for download to different gadgets (Fifield, 2007). This creative element gives them an edge over adversaries, for example, Motorola, Nokia, and BlackBerry. In addition, the organization has proceeded to utilize scholarly rights on the item. This incorporates patent rights. It right shields the item from being utilized by different contenders or from contenders building up a comparable item. For the organization to gain a huge piece of the overall industry and increment their deals, the organization has underscored on the utilization of this procedure of advancement to its present market status (Schnaars,

Essay about Case Communication and Group

Paper about Case Communication and Group Paper about Case: Communication and Group Video Case Paper Nicole Young Psy/430 October 25, 2013 Robin Goins Video Case Paper Video Case One: Sociology Gathering Members Communication and Diversity Styles While seeing this video we watch a nearby college’s humanism office endeavoring to concoct which classes they ought to for the up and coming term. The gathering or group is comprised of 2 females and 3 guys. This gathering is in a conversation with every individual sharing their thoughts and perspectives. In watching this gathering we can see that it has huge blend of thoughts and people we can likewise perceive how their associations, permit them to discuss effectively with each other. The gathering chief ensures that each individual’s point is recognized by others in the gathering so they can prevail with regards to speaking with each other. All through the video we additionally observed that the pioneer helped keep every part on their set way or perspective assisting with preventing every part from forgetting about their target when different individuals are talking neither here nor there. With the whole member’s endeavors and aptitudes, for example, how well they know their colleague, their insight into the conversation subject, the make up of the whole group, and implicit standards helped the whole gathering the capacity to relate effectively from inside. Since both male and females were spoken to in the gathering there was assorted variety in see focuses which didn't form into a deterrent when the gathering endeavored to talk as one. A gathering that is

The Need For Research Proposal For Research

The Need For Research Proposal For ResearchWhen you are about to start the process of starting a new research project, the need for research proposal for research can also be a potential headache. In most cases, you might get a few questions as to why you are doing research and what your interest in that particular subject is. This article will be giving you tips to get you through the process of writing a good research proposal for research.The first thing that you should remember is that your main point of the research must be explained in the proposal. If it is not there, then the reader will have a hard time understanding your paper. In order to be sure that your main point will be provided in the paper, you must know what it is before hand.Second, you must be clear with your topic of the research. This is important because you must be clear of what your paper is about. For example, if you are going to write an essay on the latest news in fashion, you must be able to tell your re ader what the paper is about. Therefore, it is important that you think of your topic and its definition before writing the paper.Third, you must be clear with the style and format of your research proposal. You should be sure that the words and phrases used in the paper are in accordance with the standard English usage. In other words, the paper should be consistent with the standard of the topic you are discussing.Finally, you must be sure that the paper is grammatically correct. The last thing you want is to send out a paper that contains errors in grammar. Do not be afraid to read the paper twice. However, you must do it correctly in order to convince the readers of your research.When you have finished the process of writing your paper, you will be able to follow some basic tips in making your paper a success. You can still use the research proposal for research approach if you want to expand the scope of your study but if you want to be sure that you are writing a quality paper , you will need to follow some simple rules.Before sending out your paper, you must make sure that your paper will stand out from the rest. You may get this by adding some pictures or graphics to your paper. This will be enough to give you the needed credibility.To recap, the need for research proposal for research must be understood by the research participants. This is because the paper will be used as reference and if it does not work, the results will not be very helpful. Thus, it is very important that you will know what your paper will be about before starting.

Daeodon (Dinohyus) - Facts and Figures

Name: Daeodon; pronounced DIE-oh-don; also known as Dinohyus (Greek for terrible pig) Habitat: Plains of North America Historical Epoch: Miocene (23-5 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 12 feet long and one ton Diet: Omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; quadrupedal posture; long, narrow head with bony warts    About Daeodon (Dinohyus) Chalk up another cool name thats been lost to the technicalities of science: the giant prehistoric porker formerly, and fittingly, known as Dinohyus (Greek for terrible pig) has now reverted back to an earlier moniker, the far less awesome Daeodon. Tipping the scales at a full ton, this Miocene pig was roughly the size and weight of a modern rhinoceros or hippopotamus, with a broad, flat, warthog-like face complete with warts (actually fleshy wattles supported by bone). As you might already have guessed, Daedon was closely related to the slightly earlier (and slightly smaller) Entelodon, also known as the Killer Pig, both of these genera  huge, opportunistic, omnivorous mammalian megafauna, the former native to North America and the latter to Eurasia. One odd feature of Daeodon was its nostrils, which were splayed out toward the sides of its head, rather than facing forwards as in modern pigs. One possible explanation for this arrangement is that Daeodon was a hyena-like scavenger rather than an active hunter, and needed to pick up scents from as wide a range as possible in order to home in on already-dead and rotting carcasses. Daeodon was also equipped with heavy, bone-crushing jaws, another classic scavenging adaptation similar to that of roughly contemporary bone-crushing canids, and its sheer one-ton bulk would have intimidated smaller predators from trying to protect their newly killed prey.

Reading Comprehension Worksheet 2 Answers

If you have gone through the Reading Comprehension Worksheet 2 The End of Overeating then please read the answers below. These reading comprehension worksheet answers are affiliated with the article, so they wont really make much sense by themselves. Printable PDFs: The End of Overeating Reading Comprehension Worksheet | The End of Overeating Reading Comprehension Worksheet Answer Key Reading Comprehension Worksheet 2 Answers 1. It can be inferred from the authors description of the woman eating in paragraph four that (D) The author is disgusted by the womans consumption. Why? A is incorrect because we have no idea where the woman likes to eat. Nothing in the text makes reference to her preferences. B is incorrect because we can infer that the woman isnt even aware of what shes eating, so she doesnt truly have the capacity to enjoy it. C is incorrect because her efficiency is detracting from her dining experience rather than enhancing it. The author never brings up anything about eating healthfully in those lines, either, so E is also out. We can infer that hes disgusted by her consumption because of his judgment he places on her: Had she known someone was watching her, Im sure she would have eaten differently. This implies that she would have been ashamed to eat as she had, thus showing the authors distaste for her eating habits. 2. According to the passage, the main reason people overeat is (B) because we dont have to chew our food very much Why? A, B and C are mentioned in the passage, but not as a causal effect of our overeating. E is a distractor answer—eating quickly is tied into not chewing, but the passage does not imply or state that we are used to eating quickly, so we overeat. The passage gives specific details about the refining process that makes our food easier to swallow, allowing us to eat more than we should, thus answer B is the very best choice. 3. The following are all ingredients in the egg rolls, EXCEPT (E) dark meat chicken Why? Its white meat chicken (line 32). This is one of those hunt and search type of detail questions. They can be tricky because they have almost nothing to do with reading comprehension, but rather focus on how carefully you can find the details related to the passage.   4. Which of the following statements best describes the main idea of the passage? (B) Because refined food is irresistible and easy to eat, it masks how unhealthy it is, leaving people unaware of the poor food choices theyre making. Why? A is too broad, because it fails to mention refined food, which is absolutely key in the article. C is too narrow because it only mentions Chilis, and the essay goes beyond just one restaurant. D makes a supposition—that people will be healthier because of the article. Thats never stated or indirectly implied, so it cant be part of the main idea. E is too narrow, so B is the best choice.   5. In the first sentence of paragraph four, the word vigor most nearly means (D) Energy Why? Heres where your vocabulary knowledge or your ability to understand vocab words in context come in handy. If you didnt know the meaning of the word, you could assume some things based on the text: †¦the woman attacked her food with vigor and speed. Since the conjunction and joins two words/phrases with similar meaning, C is out—lethargy means laziness. The word attacked does not coincide well with pleasure, so A is out. Since the woman was unaware of who was watching her, flamboyance, B, is out, too. That leaves D and E. Craftiness indicates sneakiness of some sort and although the woman wasnt being showy, she wasnt sneaking her food either, so D is the best answer. It fits well with the sentence.

Animal Testing Cosmetic Manufacturers - 1375 Words

Many products that we use on a daily routine have been part of animal testing. Throughout the years this has become a problem that millions of people have been raising awareness for and trying to find a solution to end this cruel act. But is this enough? One of the most notorious users of animal testing is cosmetic manufacturers. Throughout the year s many cosmetic companies have been trying to transition into using cruelty-free products. For example, Marla Donato from the Chicago Tribune states, two of the largest manufacturers Avon Products and Revlon recently announced a permanent end to all animal testing by their companies. Mary kay announced a temporary moratorium on practice, and Procter and gamble unveiled a $450,000 grant program to investigate alternative research methods (Donato par.1). If there is so much being done to end animal testing, why do some major companies still insist on using this method? The reason for this is simply the fact that every day companies are trying to invent a new product and use new ingredients that have not been tested, and are not known to be good nor bad for humans. When a product has not been tested companies insist that it s for our own safety and that they must test this new product on animals, killing millions of them in the process. The UK has been working on eliminating animal testing, and throughout the years have actually succeeded (see Fig. 1). If other countries have successfully stopped animal testing, then it showsShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned940 Words   |  4 Pages1). Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year. 2). 92% of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail in human clinical trials. (DoSomething â€Å"11 Facts About Animal Testing†). There are currently no laws combating the testing of cosmetics on animals, but the practice is harmful and must be ended. As evidenced by the statistics above, millions of animals are tortured and murdered in the United States every year for virtually no reasonRead MoreEssay about The Truth about Animal Testing 1073 Words   |  5 Pagesother animals are locked inside cold, barren cages, in laboratories across the country. They ache in loneliness, and long to roam free and use their minds. Instead all they can do is wait in fear of the next terrifying and painful procedure that will be performed on them,† is the opening statement on the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, or more commonly PETA, website. An estimated 29 million animals are used in scientific and commercial testing each year in the United States. Animal testingRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?1665 Words   |  7 PagesTesting Cosmetics on Animals Companies around the world use animals to test cosmetics. Animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice, are used to test the effects of chemicals on the eyes and skin. While animal testing is not mandatory, many companies use it. About Cosmetics Animal Testing by the Humane Society International talks about the different options companies have that do not require the cruel use and eventual death of animals. The article also talks about the overallRead MoreExperiments : Experiments Or Cruelty?1267 Words   |  6 Pagesare many ways for humans and animals to communicate and interact, and not all of them are being negative or positive. The main thing humans can do is to be aware of the human, non-human relationship. Some choose to turn a blind eye to the inhumane ways animals are used in today’s society. It really is a complex, love-hate relationship between the two. Everyday animals such as mice, rabbits, monkeys, and even cats and dogs are used for inhumane purposes such as testing and experimentation. â€Å"More thanRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Wrong1495 Words   |  6 PagesHarmful Testing on Animals is Wrong In American society, many groups and organizations are debating whether or not animal testing should be banned. Some people believe that there are reasons why animal testing should be done. Others believe that animal testing is morally wrong. Some experts believe that there are other options available. I believe that animal testing is wrong based on three observations: animal testing is unethical, pointless, and abusive. Numerous years ago, animal testing was startedRead MoreShould Animal Welfare Laws Be Enforced?1332 Words   |  6 Pagesagain. This situation is the life of a laboratory animal. Experimenting on animals is like being in jail so the guards can figure out a human responds to the environment. Animal testing is defined as processes implemented on living creatures for the purpose of studying natural science and illnesses, measuring the efficiency of new medicines, and experimentation of human healthiness or environmental protection of business merchandise such as cosmetics, household cleaners, medications and chemicals.Read MoreAnimal Testing: Pros and Cons Essay1021 Words   |  5 Pages The ethical treatment and testing on animals is a widely controversial subject in the field of zoology. Views on animal testing range from positivity to full negativity. Animals such as mice and rats have been found to have psychological and genetic similarities that relate to humans which make them perfect for the experimental trials. Before various products are put out for humans consumption, animals are the most common way for companies to see if their new inventions work. The benefits andRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing2487 Words   |  10 PagesMillions of animals suffer painfully and even die as an outcome of scientific research. The effects of drugs, food additives, cosmetics and other chemical products slowly kill innocent animals every year. Although some people believe animal testing is necessary, others firmly believe that the alternatives choices that have been discovered over the years are the way to go. Especially because these choices are cheaper, more reliable and do not harm animals. This essay looks into the pros and consRead MoreAnimal Experiments For Cosmetics And Household Products1786 Words   |  8 PagesAlmost every type of human or animal cell can be grown in the laboratory. Animal experiments for cosmetics and household products continue even though non-animal tests are widely available. Instead of measuring how long it takes a chemical to burn the cornea of a rabbit’s eye, manufacturers can now drop that chemical onto cornea-like 3D tissue structures produced from human cells. Likewise, human skin cultures can be grown and purchased for skin irritation testing. Scientists have managed to coaxRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Not A Recent Occurrence Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesThe cosmetic industry is a multi-billion dollar industry worldwide, catering to both men and women. Cosmetics seem to be so pervasive that everywhere you look, you can find some sort of cosmetic advertisement or commercial. Considering t his high demand for cosmetics, many companies strive to produce products that will satisfy the consumer. However, in order for some cosmetic companies to manufacture their products, testing is conducted in the expense of animals. In the following report, we will

Business Economics Demand and Supply

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Economicsfor Demand and Supply. Answer: Introduction This study has demonstrated the concept of business economics. In this regard this study has tried to discuss the economic theory on demand and supply. This theory can effectively estimate the reason why the price of coal has been decreasing while coal in necessity for the industrial as well as domestic consumption. In this purpose, it can be mentioned that with the rise in the price of natural gas, the price of coal has been decreased (Augustovski et al. 2013). On the other hand, in this study, the effect of the economy by the fall in price of coal has been mentioned. In this context, the impact of the coal importing and exporting nations has been discussed after occurring of trade. This study has tried to aim to identify the reason for which the huge fall of coal price can reflect the winners as well as the losers at the business level. As per the case study, it can be observed that the price of coal has been decreasing to half compared to the peak price of two years ago whereas coal is necessary goods for the industry and the domestic consumption. In the words of Beckmann, Hielscher and Pies (2014), the reason can be discussed as the price of the substitute goods such as the price of natural gas might be increased. As a result, it can be mentioned that with the decrease in the price of the coal, the demand for this products would effectively increase in the short run. On the other hand, Canto, Joines and Laffer (2014) mentioned that as in the competitive market structure, as the demand for the natural gas and the renewable resources is higher compared to coal, therefore, in order to acquire a greater market share, the production has decided to lower down the price of coal. As a result, the consumers were also willing to consumer the products in turn of lower price (Haley and Haley 2013). Figure 1: Relationship between the price of coal and its demand (Source: Created by author) The above diagram is helpful to discuss the relationship between the price of coal and the demand for the product. In this connection, it can be observed that the horizontal axis implies the quantity of coal, which was produced. The vertical axis represented the price of the product. The above figure depicted that the demand curve is downward sloping and the supply of the product was remaining same (Deardorff 2014). This refers that with the rise in the price of coal, the quantity demanded by the consumers would be decreased. On the other hand, it can be observed that the initial price of coal was P1 and the corresponding demand for the good was Q1. After lowering down the price of coal, from price P1 to P2, the demand for the product has been increased from Q1 to Q2 (Canto, Joines and Laffer 2014). With the help of this concept of economic demand and supply, it can be observed that when the price of coal decreased, the demand for the product would be increased. In the words of Francois et al. (2013), the decrease in coal price will reflect the countrys coal import as well as export. It can be observed that the rise in the price of natural gas reduces the price of the substitute goods such as coal. This decrease in price of coal has an adverse impact on the massive coal importing countries such as Japan or India. In this purpose, it can be mentioned that as Japan or India import coal from the higher coal exporting countries, therefore, it can be stated that the price of coal will be lower. As per the statement of Gillespie (2013), due to the fall in price of coal, after the imposition of tariff, the price will also be lower from the previous. The reason can be discussed that the rate of tariff was also previously imposed, and then the price of coal was higher (Beckmann, Hielscher and Pies 2014). Figure 2: Effect in the coal importing nations (Source: Created by author) From the above figures, it can be observed that the X axis denotes the price level of coal and the Y axis denotes the quantity level. Demand curve is downward sloping and the supply curve is upward sloping. The first figure represented the higher price of coal in the market whereas the second figure tried to represent the effect of import after the reduction of coal price from P1 to P2 (Granger 2014). It can be clearly observed that with the decrease in price level, the countries import more from the previous. Previously, the quantity was increased by Q1 to Q2, whereas after the decrease in the price level, the quantity has been increased from Q3 to Q4. This amount is higher from the previous (Haley and Haley 2013). With the decrease in the price of coal, the revenue of the coal production organisation of the exporting countries such as Australia or Indonesia has been decreased. Therefore, the exporting nations will incur loss. The producer surplus of the producers will be reduced (Haley and Haley 2013). On the other hand, it can be mentioned that with the increase in the level of export, there will be shortages in the quantity level of coal in the domestic market. As a result, it can be assumed that to maintain the equilibrium level, the price of coal in the domestic market may be increased. In the words of Johnson (2014), it can be mentioned that the fall in the oil price increase the domestic consumption of coal in the country like USA and China. As a result, it can be mentioned that the amount of export will be decreased by the country. As per the case study, this study has aimed to identify the businesses or industries, who will be benefitted after the fall of coal price. In this connection, it can be stated that the electricity production organisations will be highly beneficial. McCloskey (2013) opined that due to the reduction of the price of the intermediary good, the cost of the final good will also decreases. The price of the petroleum will also decrease. Moreover, it can be mentioned that refined coal is used for the production of different chemicals. These chemicals are such as creosote oil, phenol, naphthalene, benzene etc. Therefore, it can be stated that the organisations, which are associated with these production of the chemicals, will be significantly benefitted due to the lowering down the cost of the intermediary good. According to Stanley and Doucouliagos (2012), the exporters of coal of a country will incur loss in terms of the dollars appreciation. In addition, the amount of the capital expenditures, which has been invested by the coal manufacturing company, has been decreased (Canto, Joines and Laffer 2014). Therefore, in this connection, it can be mentioned that after the fall in the price level of coal, the domestic exporters of the country will incur loss. As a result, the revenue of the producers has been decreased (Wagner 2012). Conclusion This study has highlighted the concept of business economics. In this connection, this study has demonstrated that the price of oil has been decreased. The reason can be identified as the price of the substitute goods has been increased in the market, therefore, to acquire a greater market share, the coal production companies have been reduced the price of the coal. On the other hand, this study has discussed the effect of the economy after the reduction of coal price. In this context, this study has tried to establish the effect of the importing countries such as Japan or India after import coal. Instead of this, the effect of the exporting nations such as Australia or Japan has mentioned after the coal export in this study. Moreover, this study has identified who will be benefitted and who will incur loss after reducing the price of coal. Recommendation This study has highlighted that the fall in the price of coal has increased the demand for coal. In this connection, it can be assumed that with the rise in the demand for the consumption of coal, there may arise the situation of shortages of supply. As a result, the price of coal can be increased in order to maintain the equilibrium. On the other hand, in case of the import of coal, it can be observed that the coal producers of the importing countries will suffer from loss due to the lowering the business. As a result, it can be recommended that the government of the country requires imposing quantitative restriction on the quantity of coal import. Therefore, the domestic coal producers will not be disheartened. References Augustovski, F., Rey-Ares, L., Irazola, V., Oppe, M. and Devlin, N.J., 2013. Lead versus lag-time trade-off variants: does it make any difference?.The European Journal of Health Economics,14(1), pp.25-31. Beckmann, M., Hielscher, S. and Pies, I., 2014. Commitment Strategies for Sustainability: How Business Firms Can Transform Tradeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Offs Into WinWin Outcomes.Business Strategy and the Environment,23(1), pp.18-37. Canto, V.A., Joines, D.H. and Laffer, A.B., 2014.Foundations of supply-side economics: Theory and evidence. Academic Press. Deardorff, A.V., 2014.Terms of trade: glossary of international economics. World Scientific. Francois, J., Manchin, M., Norberg, H., Pindyuk, O. and Tomberger, P., 2013.Reducing transatlantic barriers to trade and investment: An economic assessment(No. 20130401). Institue for International and Development Economics. Gillespie, A., 2013.Business economics. Oxford University Press. Granger, C.W.J., 2014.Forecasting in business and economics. Academic Press. Haley, U.C. and Haley, G.T., 2013.Subsidies to Chinese Industry: State Capitalism, Business Strategy, and Trade Policy. Oxford University Press. Johnson, R.C., 2014. Trade in intermediate inputs and business cycle comovement.American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics,6(4), pp.39-83. McCloskey, D.N., 2013.Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain: Essays in Historical Economics. Routledge. Stanley, T.D. and Doucouliagos, H., 2012.Meta-regression analysis in economics and business(Vol. 5). Routledge. Wagner, J., 2012. International trade and firm performance: a survey of empirical studies since 2006.Review of World Economics,148(2), pp.235-267.

Child Labour Essay Example

Child Labour Essay Instead of aiming at abolishing child labor, should policy makers look for alternative approaches. Parents feel compelled to send their children to work as a means of survival. Although not immediately apparent, a simple ban on child labor does not prove effective in ridding of it. Therefore, integrative efforts should be made in conjunction with eliminating child labor. Instead of waiting for the natural economic growth to slowly remove child labor, the government and policy makers may intervene by offering incentives.Integrative policies include improved schooling, trade union involvement, school meals, and income subsidies. To find alternative means of addressing child labor where it prevails on a larger scale after establishing it as the perpetrator of such maladies as reduced adult wages, adult unemployment, and negative impact on human capital. Child Labor is a prevalent problem throughout the world especially in developing countries. Children work for a variety of reasons, the most important being poverty and the induced pressure upon them to escape from this plight.Though children are not well paid, they still serve as major contributors to family income in developing countries. Our Service Can Write a Custom Essay on Child Labor for You! Schooling problems also contribute to child labor, whether it be the inaccessibility of schools or the lack of quality education which spurs parents to enter their children in more profitable pursuits. Traditional factors such as rigid cultural and social roles in certain countries further limit educational attainment and increase child labor.Denying the right of education and the possibility to achieve complete physical and psychological development, child labor serves as a source of exploitation and abuse. In my definition of child labor throughout this paper, a child qualifies as a laborer if the child performs economic activity on a regular basis that provides output for the market. Since numbers are often underrep orted, determining the actual prevalence of child labor exhibits problems.The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimated in 1995 that around 250 million children between the ages of five and fourteen years old work for a salary or wage in the world. 1 120 million of those counted worked full time. Certain geographical areas demonstrate higher child participation rates than others. The above figure relates only to full-time child labor, estimates would rise if part-time child labor were included. For instance in 1990, Europe shows a . 10% rate, Latin America and Caribbean with 11. 3%, Asia follows with a 15. 19% rate and Africa with the highest rate of 27. 87%. 2 Many of these children work in dangerous occupations, such as agriculture or factories. Over 70% of children work in agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing. The second highest sector in terms of the percentage of child workers is manufacturing with 8. 3%. Wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels have th e same percentage as manufacturing. However, the informal economy conceals many unaccounted child laborers.From small businesses to micro-enterprises, unsafe working conditions, low productivity, minimal returns to investment and low to no wages all characterize informal work. The ILO reports of the informal economy as: The expanding and increasingly diverse group of workers and enterprises in both the rural and urban areas operating informally,they share one important characteristic: they are not recognized or protected under the legal and regulatory frameworks. Informal workers and entrepreneurs are characterized by a high degree of vulnerability.This type of economy accounts for the most child laborers, especially due to its ability to spillover into other economic sectors. For instance, an organized commercial agricultural estate may form an agreement for some production by a smaller family farm or a multinational corporation may contract materials from small workshops or famili es who work at home. Overall, child labor does not help alleviate poverty in developing countries but actually helps perpetuate it.As we have seen a factor causing child labor is low wages and low adult wages serve as a factor in perpetuating poverty. Before exploring the causal link of child labor and adult wage reduction, one must first explore the reasons for children in the labor market instead of adults. On the demand side, employers assert that children possess productivity traits that adults lack, such as nimble fingers. On the supply side, the parent may believe that due to lack of adult jobs or low adult wages in the household, child labor serves as the only option. Why do employers demand child labor?The International Labour Organization reports, Employers may prefer children because they are paid less than adults on a daily rate (but not piece-work) basis, because of beliefs about their suitability for certain jobs, and because more work can be extracted from them owing t o their greater docility and lack of awareness of, and ability to claim, their rights. Due to the ready supply and increasing demand of child labor, adults experience the detrimental effects on their wages. Since adults and children are substitutes in the labor market, child labor, when used, increases the supply of labor.As a result, this places pressure on the wages. As the supply of labor increases due to parents sending their children to work in order to help make ends meet, it reduces the wages of adults already employed. The adult unemployment rate and child labor have a causal link in that a rise in child labor increases the incidence of adult unemployment. 5 It is but fair to assume that in the same measure as females replaced men as factory workers, so child labor, if not restricted, will crowd a proportionate number of adults out of employment.The general conception holds that more children equate more working hands. Thus, more working children generate greater income for the family. Contrarily, studies on unemployment show that the number of unemployed adults in India nearly equals the number of child laborers there. Child labor poses long run consequences that actually help perpetuate poverty by diminishing human capital. Economists refer to this negative effect as the child labor trap. An increase in child labor causes a decline in human capital on the working children.Hence, an inverse relation exists between child labor and a child’s future productivity in life. Children who work long days possess little time for education and as a result, exhibit low productivity as an adult. Investing in human capital contains growing importance for a country’s economic growth. When parents cannot invest in their child’s education, it then affects the next generation. At the very least, child labor for those under 14 years of age disrupts their education or even inhibits education altogether.Children, who begin working at a younger age, ac hieve a lower level of education, which impacts the child’s future income generation capabilities and welfare. Since the early 19th and late 20th centuries, the U. S. has progressed toward eliminating child labor. The extent to which a society protects childrens rights measures the societys progression. As people became more aware of childrens needs, they placed more emphasis on education. To a certain extent, child labor in the U. S. still exists in sectors of the economy, mainly among immigrants.In comparison to child labor in the late 1800s to early 1900s the prevalence of child labor and its conditions have improved drastically. The U. S. case study proves that child labor laws alone do not solve the problem; integrative efforts such as education, stipends, and trade unions must also be used. School represents the most important means of drawing children away from the labor market. Studies have correlated low enrollment with increased rates of child employment. School pro vides children with guidance and the opportunity to understand their role in society.Therefore, many insist on immediately abolishing child labor in developing countries and requiring children to go to school. 9 Yet this approach is unfeasible for a number of reasons. First, children will not attend these schools without an economic change in their condition. Schools must make it worthwhile for children to attend in order to make up for lost earnings. One necessary provision is that these schools be free. Another possibility is that these schools serve food supplements. Parents might view this nutrition as valuable and therefore keep their children in school.The quality of education can also be improved so that schooling is considered an important factor in the future success of a child. Only after the introduction of such substitutes will school attendance increase. Policy must also be phased in relation to the level of development and the extent of child labor currently being used in an economy. Just as current trade agreements allow for differential and preferential treatment for developing countries, so should labor standards clauses. Standards should be seen as escalator — as development increases so do the labour standards required in a particular economy.There are basic minimum standards which are applicable to all economies. Child Labor Essay Example: The leg Child Labor a Necessary Evil isolation includes a lot of regulations concerning labor. It is common knowledge that every person has the right to work, and there is a saying that â€Å"Labor made a human out of a monkey†. But nevertheless labor takes a big part of an individual’s health and time. The question is posed in the following way: is it moral and humane to allow child labor? On one hand, children should devote most time to education.Labor is distracting them and weakening the desire to study; it may also negatively affect the young growing organism and worsen its futur e development. On the other hand, if a child is not taught to work and try â€Å"grown-up† life, he may never adjust to it. There can be set several cases when children from well-to-do families were guarded from labor, they only did the easiest job and went on studying. None of the people placed in such situation was learnt to become independent, they just remained in charge of their parents and experienced difficulties in becoming full members of the society.So, as any controversial subject, the idea of child labor has both positive and negative sides. There are some cases when child labor is always inadmissible. In my opinion, the main of them are: physically hard labor of children under 12 etc. ; any cases when children are forced to work more time than it is indicated by laws; any cases of age discrimination concerning the amount of salary, the future (and possibly current) carrier growth, and cases of any other discrimination by age. It is evident that totally inadmissib le are the cases when children are exploited and in any way forced to work.In my opinion, these cases should get very strong punishment, otherwise the tendency for using child labor and for paying them a pittance will hardly ever be stopped. I think, that there should be worked out clear laws and regulations concerning child labor which have to regulate the duration of working hours per week or per month, minimal payment, the description of basic working conditions for a child (depending on the type of work the child has to do), perhaps the regulations of special break-time, including necessary nutrition and movement etc.The state and its law system are the main guarantee of the observance of children’s rights within the system. Current world and international situation in the sphere of child labor is slowly improving but there still are a lot of cases where children’s rights are impaired. Partly basing on these facts there exists a common opinion that child labor is n ecessary evil. Yet in addition to the cases where children without labor didn’t receive an important part of surviving skills there can be set a lot of examples when child labor played a positive role.It is true for poor families, for families with one or more disabled members and in general families with hard financial situation. In this case working gives a child first of all social recognition, the possibility to help his or her family, the improvement of the contemporaries opinion and therefore relations with other children and in general the chance to get on own feet. In this case child labor plays positive role in physical and mental development of a child. Even for children from families with sufficient financial situation finding own job can be the first step into adult life for a child.It depends on the state and the society whether this step will be successful or not. For many people finding a job in early age can help to define their inclinations and abilities, and appears to be a good chance for determining future profession. Another good side is that children learn how to handle money. In my opinion, wise parents will allow their child to find a job and try to work, and let him or her spend the earned money independently. Such policy of the parents helps the child to become conscientious concerning money, to understand the value of labor and education in their future life.Working can also improve material and spiritual values of a child. For many children a job in early age is the first time when they take the responsibility upon themselves, and most children become more serious and purposeful after the experience of working. All above-mentioned positive sides of child labor are true for any children, and noticeably stronger for disabled children. For a lot of them finding a job, even the simplest one, is a chance to improve financial situation and to gain a profession suitable for their physical condition.A number of disabled children in t his way broaden their circle of acquaintance and friends. It may be even possible to say that finding a job can bring sense into life of a child, especially a disabled child. In this case the society should never reject child labor as evil. So the conclusion of all the above-mentioned is the following: child labor is evil when the child’s rights are impaired, when children are exploited and treated badly. Child labor is easy to take advantage of, and therefore the task of the society, of the state, its legislative and executive system is not to let such â€Å"utilization† happen.Under appropriate supervision child labor can be turned into the instrument of educating and upbringing the child, forming his or her personality and helping the young individual better adjust to adult life and its conditions. Modern society is rather complicated to live in, even for adult people, not to mention children who are not accustomed to the tough concurrence, changing environment and constant stresses of the contemporary world. In case of a right approach, first experience of working and gaining own money can be a successful start in life for the child.In my opinion, state and parents should not reject such a powerful instrument of upbringing children and helping them to become full members of modern society. Child labour refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labour. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organizations and is illegal in many countries. Child labour was employed to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the advent of universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during the industrial revolution, and with the emergence of the concepts of workers and childrens rights.In many developed countries, it is considered inappropriate or exploitative if a child below a certain age works (excluding household chores, in a family shop, or school-related work). [2] An em ployer is usually not permitted to hire a child below a certain minimum age. This minimum age depends on the country and the type of work involved. States ratifying the Minimum Age Convention adopted by the International Labor Organization in 1973, have adopted minimum ages varying from 14 to 16. Child labor laws in the United States set the minimum age to work in an establishment without restrictions and without parents consent at age 16. 3] The incidence of child labour in the world decreased from 25 to 10 percent between 1960 and 2003, according to the World Bank. [4] Historical During the Industrial Revolution, children as young as four were employed in production factories with dangerous, and often fatal, working conditions. [5]Based on this understanding of the use of children as labourers, it is now considered by wealthy countries to be a human rights violation, and is outlawed, while some poorer countries may allow or tolerate child labour. Child labour can also be defined a s the full-time employment of children who are under a minimum legal age.The Victorian era became notorious for employing young children in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps. [6] Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship, Charles Dickens for example worked at the age of 12 in a blackingfactory, with his family in debtors prison. The children of the poor were expected to help towards the family budget, often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low pay,[7] earning 10-20% of an adult males wage.In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton millswere described as children. [8] In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. [9] Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. 7] Some children undertook work asapprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks. Children as young as three were put to work. A high number of children also worked as prostitutes. [10] Many children (and adults) worked 16 hour days. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day.These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the Short Time Committees in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 hour working days. An estimated 1. 7 million children under the age of fifteen were employed in American industry by 1900. 11] In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States. [12] Present day A young boy recycling garbage in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, in 2006 See also: Childrens rights Child labour is still common in some parts of the world, it can be factory work, mining,[13] prostitution, quarrying, agriculture, helping in the parents business, having ones own small business (for example selling food), or doing odd jobs. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants (where they may also work as waiters).Other children are forced to do tedious and repetiti ve jobs such as: assembling boxes, polishing shoes, stocking a stores products, or cleaning. However, rather than in factories and sweatshops, most child labour occurs in the informal sector, selling many things on the streets, at work in agriculture or hidden away in houses—far from the reach of official labour inspectors and from media scrutiny. And all the work that they did was done in all types of weather; and was also done for minimal pay. As long as there is family poverty there will be child labour. 14] According to UNICEF, there are an estimated 250 million children aged 5 to 14 in child labour worldwide, excluding child domestic labour. [15] The United Nations and the International Labor Organization consider child labour exploitative,[16][17] with the UN stipulating, in article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child that: States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the childs education, or to be harmful to the childs health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.Although globally there is an estimated 250 million children working. [17] In the 1990s every country in the world except for Somalia and the United States became a signatory to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, or CRC. Somalia eventually signed the convention in 2002; the delay of the signing was believed to been due to Somalia not having a government. [18] In a recent paper, Basu and Van (1998)[19] argue that the primary cause of child labour is parental poverty.That being so, they caution against the use of a legislative ban against child labour, and argue that should be used only when there is reason to believe that a ban on child labour will cause adult wages to rise and so compensate adequately the households of the poor children. Child labour is still widely used today in many countries, including India and Bang ladesh. CACL estimated that there are between 70 and 80 million child labourers in India. [20] Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations. 21] The proportion of child labourers varies a lot among countries and even regions inside those countries. PREVENTION Concerns have often been raised over the buying publics moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour. However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution or agriculture.For example, a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labor Deterrence Act was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh, leaving many to resort to jobs such as stone-crushing, stree t hustling, and prostitution, jobs that are more hazardous and exploitative than garment production. The study suggests that boycotts are blunt instruments with long-term consequences, that can actually harm rather than help the children involved. [14] According to Milton Friedman, before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture.During the Industrial Revolution many of these children moved from farm work to factory work. Over time, as real wages rose, parents became able to afford to send their children to school instead of work and as a result child labour declined, both before and after legislation. [36] Austrian school economist Murray Rothbard said that British and American children of the pre- and post-Industrial Revolution lived and suffered in infinitely worse conditions where jobs were not available for them and went voluntarily and gladly to work in factories. [37] British historian and socialist E.P. Thompson in The Making of the English Worki ng Class draws a qualitative distinction between child domestic workand participation in the wider (waged) labour market. [5] Further, the usefulness of the experience of the industrial revolution in making predictions about current trends has been disputed. Social historian Hugh Cunningham, author of Children and Childhood in Western Society Since 1500, notes that: Fifty years ago it might have been assumed that, just as child labour had declined in the developed world in the late nineteenth and early wentieth centuries, so it would also, in a trickle-down fashion, in the rest of the world. Its failure to do that, and its re-emergence in the developed world, raise questions about its role in any economy, whether national or global. [36] According to Thomas DeGregori, an economics professor at the University of Houston, in an article published by the Cato Institute, a libertarian think-tank operating in Washington D. C. , it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools. Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer, healthier lives.However, in poor countries like Bangladesh, working children are essential for survival in many families, as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century. So, while the struggle to end child labour is necessary, getting there often requires taking different routes—and, sadly, there are many political obstacles. [38] The International Labour Organization’s International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), founded in 1992, aims to eliminate child labour. It operates in 88 countries and is the largest program of its kind in the world. 39] IPEC works with international and government agencies, NGOs, the media, and children and their families to end child labour and provide children with education and assistance. [39] he Childrens Rights Movement is a historical and modern movement committed to t he acknowledgment, expansion, and/or regression of the rights of children around the world. While the historical definition of child has varied, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child explains, A child is any human being below the age of eighteen years, unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. [1] There are no definitions of other terms used to describe young people such as adolescents, teenagers or youth in international law. [2] History Thomas Spences The Rights of Infants (1796) is an early English-language assertion of the natural rights of children. In the USA, the Childrens Rights Movement was born in the 19th century with the orphan train. In the big cities, when a childs parents died or were extremely poor, the child frequently had to go to work to support himself and/or his family.Boys generally became factory or coal workers, and girls becameprostitutes or saloon girls, or else went to work in a sweat shop. All of these jobs paid only starvation wages. In 1852, Massachusetts required children to attend school. In 1853, Charles Brace founded the Childrens Aid Society, which worked hard to take street children in. The following year, the children were placed on a train headed for the West, where they were adopted, and often given work. By 1929, the orphan train stopped running altogether, but its principles lived on.The National Child Labor Committee, an organization dedicated to the abolition of all child labor, was formed in the 1890s. It managed to pass one law, which was struck down by the Supreme Court two years later for violating a childs right to contract his work. In 1924, Congress attempted to pass aconstitutional amendment that would authorize a national child labor law. This measure was blocked, and the bill was eventually dropped. It took the Great Depression to end child labor nationwide; adults had become so desperate for jobs that they would work for the same wage as children.In 1938, PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act which, amongst other things, placed limits on many forms of child labor. [3] Now that child labor had been effectively eradicated in parts of the world, the movement turned to other things, but it again stalled when World War II broke out and children and women began to enter the work force once more. With millions of adults at war, the children were needed to help keep the country running. In Europe, children served as couriers, intelligence collectors, and other underground resistance workers in opposition to Hitlers regime.Present In the early 20th century, moves began to promote the idea of childrens rights as distinct from those of adults and as requiring explicit recognition. The Polish educationalist Janusz Korczak wrote of the rights of children in his book How to Love a Child (Warsaw, 1919); a later book was entitled The Childs Right to Respect (Warsaw, 1929). In 1917, following the Russian Revolution, the Moscow branch of the organization Proletkult produced a Declaration of Childrens Rights. [4] However, the first effective attempt to promote childrens rights was the Declaration of the Rights of he Child, drafted by Eglantyne Jebb in 1923 and adopted by the League of Nations in 1924. This was accepted by the United Nations on its formation and updated in 1959, and replaced with a more extensive UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989. From the formation of the United Nations in the 1940s and extending to present day, the Childrens Rights Movement has become global in focus. While the situation of children in the United States has become grave, children around the world have increasingly become engaged in illegal, forced child labor, genital mutilation, military service, and sex trafficking.Several international organizations have rallied to the assistance of children. They include Save the Children, Free the Children, and the Childrens Defense Fund. The Child Rights Informa tion Network, or CRIN, formed in 1983, is the group of 1,600 non-governmental organizations from around the world which advocate for the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Organizations report on their countries progress towards implementation, as do governments that have ratified the Convention. Every 5 years reporting to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child is required for governments. Child labour Essay Example Child labour Essay A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of Business Communication and Ethics: Report Writing 2014 October I PREFACE It is clear that the practice of child labor in the society would deprive the child of his basic human rights; his right to education and learning; his right to entertainment ND interact with peers as also his right to enjoy the beauty of the world around him and to develop a rounded personality. The children drawn to the labor force are not themselves choosing to work at such an early age. They are rather compelled to Join the labor force against their will by certain familial and social circumstances. The circumstances which bring the minor children to work in the labor force can be characterized as socioeconomic compulsion such as poverty, unemployment of the adult family members etc. The present study has been conducted in the urban localities of Iambi. The study focuses mainly on the factors, which compel the children to adopt occupational roles at a tender age. This study is based on primary data collected from our volunteers. The study contains six chapters. Poverty coupled with rapidly growing population, ignorance and increasing dependency load are behind the grim incidence of children employment in the villages and towns of developing countries. Though India is signatory of various international Conventions and Agreements, there is growing number of child labor in India. They work under very hazardous conditions. Given the magnitude and complexity of the problem, this article is an attempt to formulate integrated approach and various intervention strategies towards eradication of the problem of child labor. Child labor is an integral part of labor force, especially in poor countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Child labour specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Child labour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Child labour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These children are the most deprived section of population forced to enter labor market at tender age to earn a pittance or to contribute to family work, sacrificing personal development. Poverty coupled with rapidly growing population, ignorance and increasing dependency load are behind the grim incidence of children employment in the villages and towns of evolving countries. The exploitative structure, lopsided development, iniquitous resource ownership with its correlation of large scale unemployment and abject poverty have contributed towards increasing child labor among the countries. Child labor hampers the normal physical, intellectual, emotional and moral development of a child. Children who are in the growing process can permanently distort or disable their bodies when they carry heavy loads or are forced to adopt unnatural positions at work for long hours. Children are the greatest gift to humanity and Childhood is an important and impressionable stage of human development as it holds the potential to the future development of any society. Children who are brought up in an environment, which is conducive to their intellectual, physical and social health, grow up to be responsible and productive members of society. Every nation links its future with the present status of its children. By performing work when they are too young for the task, children unduly reduce their present welfare or their future income earning capabilities, either by shrinking their future external choice sets or by reducing their own future individual productive capabilities. Under extreme economic distress, children are forced to forego educational opportunities and take up Jobs which are mostly exploitative as they are usually underpaid and engaged in hazardous conditions. Parents decide to send their child for engaging in a Job as a desperate measure due to poor economic conditions. It is therefore no wonder that the poor households predominantly send their children to work in early ages of their life. One of the disconcerting aspects of child labor is that children are sent to work at the expense of education. There is a strong effect of child labor on school attendance attest and the length of a childs work day is negatively associated with his or her capacity to attend school. Child labor restricts the right of children to access and benefit from education and denies the fundamental opportunity to attend school. Child labor, thus, prejudices childrens education and adversely affects their health and safety. India has all along followed a proactive policy in addressing the problem of child labor and has always stood for constitutional, statutory and developmental measures that are required to eliminate child labor. The Constitution of India has relevant provisions to secure compulsory universal primary education. Labor Commissions and Committees have gone into the problems of child labor and made extensive recommendations. Indians Judiciary, right up to the apex level, has demonstrated profoundly empathetic responses against the practice of child labor. 1. 1 DEFINITION 6 Child labor refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. The term child labor is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their attention and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It refers to work that: is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children; and interferes with their schooling by: depriving them of the opportunity to attend school; obliging them to leave school prematurely; or Requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work. Child labor involves at least one of the following characteristics: Violates a nations minimum age laws Threatens childrens physical, mental, or emotional well-being Involves intolerable buses, such as child slavery, child trafficking, debt bondage, forced labor, or illicit activities Prevents children from going to school Uses children to undermine labor standards The phrase child labor conjures images of children chained into factories, sold as slaves, or forced into prostitution. 7 1. 2 History Child labor in some form or the other has always existed in societies all over the world. Children used to accompany their parents while working in the fields. Moreover they were also expected to help with household chores as well as taking care of the sick and elderly. As most of the work was being done under the watchful yes of the parents, instances of exploitation were rare. Even today work of this sort is not considered exploitative. The worst forms of the exploitation of children started during the Industrial Revolution. It was at this time that machinery took over many functions formerly performed by hand and was centralized in large factories. There was a large scale structural shift in employment patterns. Many artisans lost their jobs and were forced to work in these factories. But the owners of these factories realized that operating many of these machines did not require adult strength, and hillier could be hired much more cheaply than adults. Children had always worked, especially in farming. But factory work was hard. A child with a factory Job might work 12 to 18 hours a day, six days a week, to earn a dollar. Many children began working before the age of 7, tending machines in spinning mills or hauling heavy loads. The factories were often damp, dark, and dirty. Some children worked underground, in coal mines. The working children had no time to play or go to school, and little time to rest. They often became ill. Many of the Jobs that these children specialized in were very dangerous. E. G. The youngest children in the textile factories were usually employed as scavengers and pieces. Scavengers had to pick up the loose cotton from under the machinery. This was extremely dangerous as the children were expected to carry out the task while the machine was still working. While the pieces had the Job of fixing broken threads. It is estimated that these pieces walked almost 20 miles in a single day. Another barbaric practice followed in Victorian times was the use of children as chimney sweeps. Children were also employed to work in coal mines to crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. They also worked as rand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants. By 1810 about 2,000,000 children were working 50 to 70 hours a week. About 2/3rd of the total workers in the textile industry were children. Church and labor groups, teachers, and many other people were outraged by such cruelty. They began to press for reforms. The English writer Charles Dickens helped publicize the evils of child labor with his novel Oliver Twist. Two Factory Acts were implemented in 1802 and 1809. Both these acts set limits on the maximum number of hours that a child was allowed to work in a day. But the implementation of these laws was lax and it had very little effect. Non the United States it took many years to outlaw child labor. Connecticut passed a law in 1813 saying that working children must have some schooling. By 1899 a total of 28 states had passed laws regulating child labor. Today all the states and the U. S. Government have laws regulating child labor. These laws have cured the worst evils of childrens working in factories. But some kinds of work are not regulated. Children of migrant errors, for example, have no legal protection. Farmers may legally employ them outside of school hours. The children pick crops in the fields and move from place to place, so they get little schooling. Len India child labor has always existed in the agricultural sector. Children and their parents used to work together in the farms. Moreover the task of taking the cattle to graze was always allotted to children. Although this work was hard and tiring, it did not lead to a worsening of their future prospects. Schooling was not available in most villages and most of the Jobs were still in the agricultural sector. So this work served as training for their future. Large scale exploitation of children in India began with the arrival of the British. Just as the case was in Great Britain, the new industrialists started hiring children who were forced to work in inhuman conditions. Laws against child labor were passed under Employment of Children Act of 1938. These attempts at legislation failed as they failed to address the root cause of child labor in India: poverty. Until and unless the populace was brought out of poverty, it was impossible to take the children out of the labor force. 10 2. CHILD TRAFFICKING Child trafficking, according to EUNICE is defined as any person under 18 who is recruited, transported, transferred, harbored or received for the purpose of exploitation, either within or outside a country. [l] There have been many cases where children Just disappear overnight, as many as one every eight minutes, according to the National Crime Records Bureau. Children are taken from their homes to be bought and sold in the market. In India, there is a large number of children trafficked for various reasons such as labor, begging, and sexual exploitation. Because of the nature of this crime; it is hard to track; therefore making t impossible to have exact figures regarding this issue. India is a prime area for child trafficking to occur, as many of those trafficked are from, travel through or destined to go to India. Though most of the trafficking occurs within the country, there is also a significant nonbelligerent trafficked from Nepal and Bangladesh. Legally, children in India are allowed to do light work, but they are often trafficked for bonded labor, and domestic work, and are worked far beyond what is allowed in the country. They are often forced to work, in the use of contraptions that bound them to be unable to escape and then forced to submit to control. Others may be bound by abuse whether physical, emotional, or sexual. Those forced into labor lose all freedom, being thrown into the workforce, essentially becoming slaves, and losing their childhood. Children, over adults are often chosen to be trafficked for illegal activities such as begging and organ trade, as they are seen as more vulnerable. Not only are these children being forced to beg for money, but a significant number of those on the streets have had limbs forcibly amputated, or even acid poured into their eyes to blind them by gang masters. Those who are injured tend to make more money, which is why they are often abused in this way. [5] Organ trade is also common, when traffickers trick or force children to give up an organ. 1 Poverty in India can be defined as a situation when a certain section of people are unable to fulfill their basic needs. India has the worlds largest number of poor people living in a single country. Extreme poverty, lack of opportunity for gainful employment and intermittent of income and low standards of living are the main reasons for the wide prevalence of child labor. Though it is possible to identify child Barbour in the organized sector, which form a minuscule of the total child labor, the problem relates mainly to the unrecognized sector where utmost attention needs to be paid. The problem is universal but in our case it is more crucial. Poor people have very less or no income because of which they use their children as the source of income by making them to work instead of sending them school. The children below 14 years who work instead of going school are considered as child laborers. Significant logic behind the psychology of poor people for more births is as many children are there that many are the child labor income sources for them. With many children all will get two times meal at least when all go for the work or beg. However, with less (one or two) that may not be possible. In this view, poor people go for more children. They think that their children will either work or beg to feed themselves as well as to their parents at the time when they get old. The poverty, illiteracy and old age dependency are considered as the main reasons for production of Child Labor. In India 14. 4 % children between 10 to 14 years of age are employed in child labor. Children under fourteen constitute around 3. 6% of the total labor force in India. 5 Of Hess children nine out of every ten work in their own rural family settings. Nearly 85% are engaged in traditional agricultural activities. Less than 9% work in manufacturing, service and repairs. Only about 0. 8 work in factories. Child labor in India is a serious problem and a human right issue for the whole world. Quiet a high number of children below poverty line are working in sweet shops, cycle repair shops as helpers and waiters in hotels and restaurants, glass blowing units and carpet making factories. The 2001 national census of India estimated the total number of child labor, aged 5-14, to be at 12. Million. Worldwide, about 215 million children work as child labor, many full times. Industries pay very low wages to child laborers and make them work for long hours in unhygienic conditions. Extreme poverty that exists due to poverty and illiteracy is the main cause of child labor and over and above, psychology of poor people to depend on earnings of their children for their survival Child labor and poverty are inevitably bound together and if you continue to use the labor of children as the treatment for the social disease of poverty, you will have both poverty and child labor to the end of time. 4. Illiteracy and Child Labor Child labor is one of the worst effects of illiteracy. This social stigma has stolen away the childhood of millions of children! The child labor trade is NOT something that can be stopped by a mere change in government because it is the lack of knowledge, rather than the lack of political freedom, that causes children to become laborers. India is the largest democracy in the world. Unfortunately however, India is also home for the largest number of child-laborers in the world. Some 24 million children work more hours each day than the number of their age. The child who becomes a laborer is often end up at abusive work places because they are defenseless and do not say no to an obnoxious master. More accurately, child laborers do not know if they have any rights, including the right to ask for their wages. The grievances of child laborers are muted by their biggest weakness; illiteracy. The burden of life is already on their shoulders. Illiteracy and child labor feed off each other. Parents illiteracy limits their earning potential, causing their children to work to supplement their families incomes. 13 5. Overpopulation and child labor If a country is over populated then child labor is a regular problem to deal with. South Asian countries like Bangladesh are the best example to give in this regard. Over population creates unemployment and the ultimate result is poverty. As I have told before that poverty is one of the main reasons of child labor. Now amusingly its not always true that excess of population create child worker. Because if a country has enough resources and Job opportunities to feed the mouth of all then poverty issue should not bear any importance. But if the resources and Job opportunities are emitted then to feed the excess population cheap source of labor like children can be employed in different forms of work. 14 6. National Legislation and Policies against Child Labor in India The Constitution of India (26 January 1950), through various articles enshrined in the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy, lays down that: No child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment (Article 24); The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age six to 14 years. Article 21 (A)); The State shall direct its policy towards securing that the health and strength of workers, men and women and the tender age of children are not abused and that they are not forced by economic necessity to enter vocations unsuited to their age and strength (Article 39-e); Children shall be given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth shall be protected against moral and material abandonment (Article 39-f); The State shall endeavor to provide within a period of 10 years from the commencement of the Constitution for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of 14 years (Article 45). Child labor is a matter on which both the Union Government and state governments can legislate. A number of legislative initiatives have been undertaken at both levels. The major national legislative developments include the following: The Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986: The Act prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in 16 occupations and 65 processes that are hazardous to the childrens lives and health. These occupations and processes are listed in the Schedule to the Act. In October 2006, the Government has included children working in the domestic sector as well as roadside eateries and motels under the prohibited list of hazardous occupations. More recently, in September 2008 diving as well as process involving excessive heat (e. G. Irking near a furnace) and cold; mechanical fishing; food processing; beverage industry; timber handling and loading; mechanical lumbering; warehousing; and processes involving exposure to free silica such as slate, pencil industry, stone ringing, slate stone mining, stone quarries as well as the agate industry were added to the list of prohibited occupations and processes; The Factories Act, 1948: The Act prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years. An adolescent aged between 15 and 18 years can be employed in a factory only if he obtains a certificate of fitness from an authorized medical doctor. The Act also prescribes four and a half hours of work per day for children aged between 14 and 18 years and prohibits their working during night hours. The Mines Act, 1952: The Act prohibits the employment f children below 18 years of age in a mine. Further, it states that apprentices above 16 may be allowed to work under proper supervision in a mine. 5 The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act, 2000: This Act was last amended in 2002 in conformity with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child covers young persons below 18 years of age. Section 26 of this Act deals with the Exploitation of a Juvenile or Child Employee, and provides in relevant part, that whoever procures a Juvenile or the child for the purpose of any hazardous employment and keeps him in bondage and withholds his earnings or uses such raring for hi s own purposes shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable for fine. In some States, including Karakas and Maharajahs, this provision has been used effectively to bring to book many child labor employers who are otherwise not covered by any other law and to give relief and rehabilitation benefits to a large number of children. The Minimum Wages Act, 1948: Prescribes minimum wages for all employees I n all establishments or to those working at home in certain sectors specified in the schedule of the Act. Central and State Governments can revise minimum wages specified in the schedule. Some consider this Act as an effective instrument to combat child labor in that it is being used in some States (such as Andorra Pradesh) as the basis on which to prosecute employers who are employing children and paying those lower wages. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009: Provides for free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years. This legislation also envisages that 25 per cent of seats in every private school should be allocated for children from disadvantaged groups including differently bled children. 6 The fact that many people are unaware about child labor inspired us to take up this topic for the report. To start with the report, we delegated different topics amongst our fellow members, each choosing the topic of their interest. Everyone was asked to collect information pertaining to their topic and condense it in no more than three pages. Each one of us has gone through minor details regarding the researches, exploration and more aspects which are interesting too. We have searched the internet , gone through every article on encyclopedia related to the topic and have ride to keep our matter as short simple and precise as possible.

With reference to Sociobiology essays

With reference to Sociobiology essays A common thought that runs through the social sciences is that there is no such thing as human nature, but that if there is, it plays such a miniscule role in our daily lives that it can be all together forgotten about (Archer, 1996). Archer (1996) goes on to say that human behavior can be understood in terms of social roles and socialization, that is to say that our behavior is simply a reaction to our environment, social roles (for example mother, father, teacher) and our socialization or culture. However sociobiology and later evolutionary psychology came about in opposition to this theory. Sociobiology and took a more biological route claiming that behavior of both humans and animals are due to biological and evolutionary factors. It is mostly interested in the evolution of physical structures. (Archer, 1996). Evolutionary psychology differed from the genetic control orientated sociobiology by stating that behavior was due to current psychological mechanisms and our ability to respond. Evolutionary psychology is more interested in the evolution of behavior. (Archer, 1996). This essay will focus on sociobiology and evolutionary psychology and their principles regarding human nature and behavior. Before we explore sociobiology and evolutionary psychology we must clearly understand exactly what human nature is. There is no cut and dry definition, but rather nature can be understood in this context as human behavior and interaction and culture (Smille, 1985). The age old question that sociobiology and evolutionary psychology attempt to answer is are humans born with their nature or do humans make their nature? That is to say that humans are born pre-programmed with how to behave and so on, or are they active agents in forming, molding and changing their behavior day to day? Masters (1985) explains that sociobiology and part of evolutionary psychology (also known as the modern Darwinists) consists of five levels. T...

Merger Between Sprint And T-Mobile Research Paper

Merger Between Sprint And T-Mobile - Research Paper Example because the two carriers have been struggling with the churn which has resulted to the two companies losing grounds to the Verizon Wireless and AT&T carriers. The merger will help in finding a spectrum path in succeeding. For the purposes of Deutsche Telekom to grow T-mobile, the best strategy may be to merge because as it was seen, the strategy worked for Verizon when it took over Alltel. This merger will offer T-mobile an opportunity to offer new services, gain new customers, and also present an opportunity for expansion. The financial position of Sprint reported a Q4 net loss and an operating revenues drop of 14 percent over the past years period. This issue of finance is mostly important to T-mobile parent which is Deutsche Telekom DT and thus a merger with a US carrier is the best strategy. T-mobile suffers from a lack of compelling products and services and thus it is hindered from competing in an effective manner. A merge possibly with an existing carrier is therefore the fast est way that will help T-mobile to penetrate today’s market and grow. Based on the current size, the combination of Sprint and T-mobile will accumulate a close of a total number of 82 million subscribers and annual service revenues of $11 million. There are 11 million more subscribers in Verizon wireless and 5 million more subscribers in AT&T carrier (Butcher, 2011) Due to slightly lower ARPUs, there will be much work that needs to be done on the merger so as to catch up with the carriers that are on the top two because both Sprint and T-mobile are running above twice the churn in monthly estimates of the two leading carriers. This means the carriers are operating at above 3 percent against 1.5 percent. Deutsche Telekom AG was holding talks to Sprint Nextel Corporation to sell its T-mobile USA, a major stake in the entity that is combined as the consideration. A deal might as well not be agreed upon because these negotiations have been on and off for a sometime. The T-mobile USA valuations haven’t been agreed upon by the companies because the company reported a decline in its reported profits. The merger involving Sprint and T-mobile of USA brings together, a third and fourth largest wireless provider in U.S. These companies are behind Verizon Wireless and AT&T Inc. The net worth of T-Mobile of U.S was between $ 15 and $ 20 billion. The sprint net worth was $13.6 billion. The price of Sprint, the acquirer may disappoint Deutsche Telekom because the buyer may pay less reason being customer losses. Basing on the unit’s earnings, the company may expect about $25 billion (Saitto et al, 2011) Considering Verizon wireless has 93 million subscribers, AT&T has 85 million subscribers, a combined sprint and T-mobile will put them behind a third placed carrier which is very strong with about 82 million. This puts them in a very competitive position of becoming the second positioned carrier. T-mobile has a sales price of $39 billion which is three tim es its net worth of $13 billion. This means that it would result to Sprint having more debts of worth billions which will increase its total leverage. Market capitalisation of sprint has ranged between $13 billion to around 16 billion since the merger was announced. Sprint will thus be required to borrow billion of dollars to fund the merger which will double its current leverage of $20 billion of long term debts. By year 2010, sprint had 138 percent debt to equity ratio meaning purchase of T-mobile would

Hamlet-Prince of Denmark by William Shakespeare Essay

Hamlet-Prince of Denmark by William Shakespeare - Essay Example All these reasons reveal the strength in his personality reflected through his fairness, his patience and his beliefs in religious values. The seriousness of the ghost’s revelation urges Hamlet to be somewhat suspicious and strive to verify the foundation of this accusation. Even though Hamlet is strongly affected by the revelation about the murder of his father, he wisely decides not to let his anger dictate his moves. He states: â€Å"The Spirit that I have seen / May be the devil, and the devil hath power / T’ assume a pleasing shape† (Shakespeare 2.2. 1046). His ability to doubt the truth around the ghost’s words and, therefore, give the benefit of doubt to his uncle demonstrates his fairness and much self-control. Instead of acting in anger and haste, he decides to find the evidence of the ghost’s claims by setting up a play representing the crime scene as the ghost told him: â€Å"I’ll have these players / play something like the murde r of my father / Before mine uncle. I’ll observe his looks† (Shakespeare 2.2. 1046). Through this play, Hamlet becomes a detective watching carefully his uncle’s reaction to the performance. ... 1034). Indeed, Polonius recognizes some wisdom in Hamlet’s speech even though his philosophical reflections may seem senile to most. This so called madness makes both the King and Queen worried, which keeps away any suspicion until The Mousetrap provokes a deep anger in the King. Indeed, the play causes Claudius to question Hamlet’s madness and threaten to send him in exile: â€Å"I like him not, nor stands it safe with us / to let his madness range. Therefore prepare you / I your commission will forth with dispatch, / And he to England shall along with you† (Shakespeare 3.3.1060). Even though The Mousetrap allows Hamlet to prove Claudius’ guilt, it also exposes Hamlet to exile, which further delays his revenge plans. Hamlet’s madness contributes to hide his plans of revenge but his so called love affair with Ophelia also plays a key role. This relationship draws much attention in the palace and is held responsible for his strange behavior. Talking to Ophelia, the Queen states: â€Å"And for your part, Ophelia, I do wish / That your good beauties be the happy cause / Of Hamlet’s wildness† (Shakespeare 3.1.1045). This association between the love affair and Hamlet’s madness allows him to keep his secret even though he has not been able to accomplish his revenge. The consciousness of his uncle’s wickedness and his mother’s naivety incite him to take these cautions measures in order to protect himself. However, alert as always, Claudius questions his motives and becomes suspicious. He reflects: â€Å"Love? His affections do not that way tend; / Nor what he spake, though it lacked form a little, / Was not like madness† (Shakespeare 3.1.1048). The denial of both Hamlet’s love and madness reveals Claudius’ nihilistic nature and shows the danger which

Since vocabulary development Essay Example for Free

Since vocabulary development Essay Since vocabulary development is an active, ongoing process for children during these years, helping them increase the size of their vocabulary should be an integral, ongoing part of any school curriculum. As suggested by the research cited above, curricula for vocabulary development should concentrate on introducing new words into the classroom and using a variety of teaching methods to ensure that students can grasp the meaning of the words and remember them. Often, this does not mean that teachers need to drastically change their curriculum rather they just need to make sure that whatever their lesson is, it includes a focus on vocabulary. Ive incorporated ideas suggested from the research on vocabulary acquisition, and the teaching recommendations of Baumann Kameenui (1991), and come up with a list of strategies that is key for 3 5 year olds. 1. All curriculum areas should be structured with an eye towards introducing unfamiliar words within that subject area. Teachers should provide definitions or contextual clues to help children figure out the meaning of words, and they should use them often. Students should have the opportunity to use them in the context of the work they are doing. For example, if the teacher is doing a unit on animals and teaching the children the names of different animals, the children might have to pick an animal they like best and draw it. The children could then dictate stories to the teacher that could get written on the picture, or they could make a picture book with pictures of a number of different animals and then tell the teacher the names of all the animals. 2. The teacher should plan to read stories that contain unfamiliar words and then plan a number of activities that give the children the opportunity to use the words. This would include having a discussion of the unfamiliar words, having an analytic discussion of the story, providing opportunities for the students to use the words again by retelling the story in their own words, having students draw pictures that illustrate the word or the story, or having the students act out the story or do a puppet show. 3, The teacher should try to expose students to a variety of oral language, such as songs, poems, stories, non-fiction, etc.  4. A rich conversation/discussion life should be developed in the classroom so that children have the opportunity to hear unfamiliar words and use them in discussions. The children should be given plenty of opportunities to express themselves in general and to use new words. This can include telling stories, acting stories out, singing, reciting poems, playing games, etc. The children should be involved in analytical discussions and the teacher should have small group discussions with the children when possible. 5. The children should be taught strategies for using contextual or visual clues to try to figure out what a word means.  6. Since the home is just as important as school for vocabulary development in these early years (Snow, 1993), ways should be found to involve families in the learning process as much as possible. Studies have shown ( Segel, 1994; Toomey and Sloane 1994) that most parents are interested and willing to learn techniques to help their children learn. At the beginning of the school year, there should be a meeting and information sent to parents to explain the effort to increase the vocabulary of the children. Parents should be informed of the important role they can play and how they can participate throughout the year. The meetings should explain the rationale of this teaching strategy and show parents how to read with their children and highlight new vocabulary and engage them in analytical discussions. Depending on how much time the parents have, the children would bring home their work or a book every night ( or as often as agreed upon between parents and the teacher) and read with their parents or tell their parents a story that they drew or maybe sing a song that they learned, or parents and children could create a story together that the child could bring into school. Parents could be invited to school on a regular basis to see how the teacher works with the children, so that they have a better idea of how to do that at home. Parents could also be invited to read with their children in the classroom at the beginning or end of school for 15 minutes or so. The role of technology in instrucation Media is ideally suited to support this kind of instruction. Since, for the most part, children cannot read at this age, they must rely on the adults around them for the rich oral environment that will help build their vocabulary. This is not the same for older children, who can read independently and look up the definitions of words. The extent to which young children are involved in a rich oral environment, then, depends on the time the adults around them can spend with them, talking and reading to them. The introduction of media allows the child to spend significantly larger amounts of time hearing stories (which can be repeated over and over), hearing rare words, and creating their own stories, both in the classroom and at home. The role of the media, in this case, is to act as a supplement, not take the place of the adults. It is to extend and reinforce the teaching and analytic discussions in the classroom. Children cant have analytic discussions with computers, but they can use the computers and other media to hear stories and words again, and draw or dictate their own stories. The media is also a key element in introducing and maintaining active vocabulary acquistion in the home. The media can be a real help for parents. If the child can bring the media home, parents and children can, for example, watch something together and the parent can discuss it with the child. If the parent is busy, the child can still watch and get the benefits of the additional exposure without having to wait for a parent to be free. Additionally, if a parent does not have strong reading skills and/or is not a native English speaker, they may find it too hard to read to their children. They might find it a lot easier to listen to an audio tape or watch a video of a story with their child.

Daniel Quinn’s Ishmael - Paradigms of Yesterday Essay -- Quinn Ishmae

Ishmael:  Ã‚   Paradigms of Yesterday  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Come with me if you want to live," was all that Arnold Schwarzenegger said in his movie Terminator 2: Judgement Day, and after reading Daniel Quinn's masterpiece Ishmael, one might well receive the impression Quinn echoes such sentiments. Few books have as much relevancy in this technological, ever-changing world as Ishmael. In the beginning, according to Ishmael, God created Man to live peacefully on Earth, sustained by the fruitful bounties of Earth and subject to God's control. That is, until Man ate of the Tree of Good and Evil in the Garden Of Eden, and conveniently forgot all the rules God had so graciously placed in front of him. From that point on, the Caucasian race, full of vanity and pride for having seen so clearly what was good on the Earth and what was not, decided to subjugate the Earth to its will. During this turn of events, totalitarian agriculture was born. And God just shook his head. Fortunately, there are creatures on the Earth still willing to teach Man about his roots, and at the same time save Man from his selfdestructive impulses. Enter Ishmael, a gorilla with a conscience. Yes, a gorilla. Caged and controlled by man, Ishmael developed a self-awareness of his situation and of man's. Realizing that his destiny is intertwined with man's, he decides to save man from himself. Placing an ad in the papers, Ishmael finds a willing if disillusioned student, and presents a course of education guaranteed to save the world. Makes one wonder if the sign in Ishmael's office reads true, "With gorilla gone, will man survive?" The pupil finds that all he has learned about history is a lie, created by power hungry men two thousand years ago intent on ruling the w... ...If one does, one ends up fragmenting the entire food chain. Ecologically speaking, the Taker way of life was doomed from the beginning. However, the reader experiences a sense of pleasure as Quinn points out that many of the primitive societies have a great deal of wisdom they can teach the world on how to live in a self-sustaining society. Of course, new ideas will mean that the paradigms of yesterday will have to be discarded. However, if innovative solutions to today's ecological problems can be found, and the wisdom of ages is preserved, man has a shot at not committing cultural suicide. In trying to control all other life on the planet man has overstepped his bounds. In the end, man must realize that he is interconnected to all other life on Earth. Just consider, for a moment, the reverse side of Ishmael's office sign. "With man gone, will gorilla survive?"